5-HTP - Muutoshistoria

YHolm (28. marraskuuta 2014 kello 10.16)

2014-11-28T10:16:04Z

MRonkko (30. tammikuuta 2014 kello 16.32)

2014-01-30T16:32:04Z

MRonkko (30. tammikuuta 2014 kello 16.31)

2014-01-30T16:31:38Z

STerala (30. tammikuuta 2014 kello 12.23)

2014-01-30T12:23:29Z

STerala: Ak: Uusi sivu: {{Ainesosalomake |info1=Elimistö valmistaa 5-HTP:tä (5-hydroksytryptofaani) tryptofaanista (välttämätön aminohappo). 5-HTP:stä puolestaan muokataan edelleen serotoniinia. 5-...

2014-01-30T12:22:28Z

Ak: Uusi sivu: {{Ainesosalomake |info1=Elimistö valmistaa 5-HTP:tä (5-hydroksytryptofaani) tryptofaanista (välttämätön aminohappo). 5-HTP:stä puolestaan muokataan edelleen serotoniinia. 5-...

Uusi sivu

{{Ainesosalomake
|info1=Elimistö valmistaa 5-HTP:tä (5-hydroksytryptofaani) tryptofaanista (välttämätön aminohappo). 5-HTP:stä puolestaan muokataan edelleen serotoniinia. 5-HTP:tä ei ole ravinnossa, mutta sen lähtöainetta tryptofaania saadaan useista ravintoaineista (ks. tryptofaani).

5-HTP:tä valmistetaan kaupallisiin tarkoituksiin afrikkalaisen Griffonia simplicifolia-kasvin siemenistä.

5-HTP:n saannin lisääminen auttaa nostamaan serotoniinin määrää aivoissa. Koska serotoniini auttaa säätelemään mielialaa ja käyttäytymistä, 5-HTP:lla saattaa olla myönteinen vaikutus uneen, mielialaan, ahdistuneisuuteen, ruokahaluun, kehon lämpötilaan, seksuaaliseen halukkuuteen ja kivun tunteeseen.
|info3=Koska 5-HTP lisää serotoniinin tuotantoa, sitä käytetään usean serotoniinin vähäisyyteen liittyvän sairauden hoitoon, esim. masennus, unettomuus, lihavuus ja krooniset kiputuilat.

'''Tutkimusnäytön valossa 5-HTP näyttäisi olevan tehokas:'''
Masennuksen hoidossa. 5-HTP saattaa olla yhtä tehokas kuin jotkin masennuslääkkeet.
Fibromyalgia. 5-HTP näyttää vähentävän fibromyalgian oireita, kuten kipua, aamu jäykkyyttä ja unettomuutta.

'''5-HTP-lisällä on tutkimuksissa saatu positiivisia vaikutuksia seuraavissa tiloissa''', mutta tutkimusnäytön vähäisyyden vuoksi tieteellistä arvioita sen tehosta ei voi vielä tehdä:
* Alzheimerin tauti.
* Ahdistus.
* Ylipaino, 5-HTP voi auttaa vähentämään ruokahalua, kalorien saantia ja painoa ylipainoisilla.
* Kuukautisia edeltävä oireyhtymä (PMS) ja kuukautisia edeltävä dysforinen häiriö (PMDD).
* Tarkkaavaisuus-ylivilkkaushäiriö (ADHD).
* Unihäiriöt.

|info4=5-HTP lievittää oireilua pienillä annoksialla, esim 50 mg 5-HTP:tä 1-3 kertaa päivässä. Joissakin tutkimuksissa on käytetty suurempiakin annoksia, mutta 5-HTP voi olla haitallista suurina annoksina.

5-HTP:tä ei tule käyttää samanaikaisesti masennuslääkkeiden kanssa.
|info5=Tieteellisten artikkelien lyhennelmiä voi lukea PubMed:ssa http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
|info6=Angst J, Woggon B, Schoepf J. The treatment of depression with L-5-hydroxytryptophan versus imipramine. Results of two open and one double-blind study. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 1977;224:175–186.
Attele AS, Xie JT, Yuan CS. Treatment of insomnia: an alternative approach.Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(3):249-259.
Birdsall TC. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: A Clinically-Effective Serotonin Precursor. Altern Med Rev 1998;3:271-80.
Byerley WF, Judd LL, Reimherr FW, Grosser BI. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: a review of its antidepressant efficacy and adverse effects. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987;7:127-37.
Cangiano C, Ceci F, Cancino A, et al. Eating behavior and adherence to dietary prescriptions in obese adult subjects treated with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:863-7.
Caruso I, Sarzi Puttini P, Cazzola M, Azzolini V. Double-blind study of 5-hydroxytryptophan versus placebo in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res 1990;18:201-9.
Cauffield JS, Forbes HJ. Dietary supplements used in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Lippincotts Prim Care Pract. 1999; 3(3):290-304.
Ceci F, Cangiano C, Cairella M, Cascino A, et al. The effects of oral 5-hydroxytryptophan administration on feeding behavior in obese adult female subjects. J Neural Transm. 1989;76:109-117.
Coleman M. Infantile spasms associated with 5-hydroxytryptophan administration in patients with Down's syndrome. Neurology 1971;21:911-9.
Coppen A, Whybrow PC, Noguera R, et al. The comparative antidepressant value of L-tryptophan and imipramine with and without attempted potentiation by liothyronine. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1972;26:234-41.
Curcio JJ, Kim LS, Wollner D, Pockaj BA. The potential of 5-hydryxtryptophan for hot flash reduction: a hypothesis. Altern Med Rev. 2005;10(3):216-21.
DeBenedittis G, Massei R. Serotonin precursors in chronic primary headache. A double-blind cross-over study with L-5-hydroxytryptophan vs. Placebo. J Neurosurg Sci. 1985; 29:239-248.
Elko CJ, Burgess JL, Robertson WO. Zolpidem-associated hallucinations and serotonin reuptake inhibition: a possible interaction. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1998;36(3):195-203.
FDA Talk Paper. Impurities confirmed in dietary supplement 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan. August 31, 1998.
Freedman RR. Treatment of menopausal hot flashes with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Maturitas. 2010 Apr;65(4):383-5.
Gardner DM, Lynd LD. Sumatriptan contraindications and the serotonin syndrome. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32(1):33-38.
Iovieno N, Dalton ED, Fava M, Mischoulon D. Second-tier natural antidepressants: Review and critique. J Affect Disord. 2010 Jun 24.
Joffe RT, Sokolov ST. Co-administration of fluoxetine and sumatriptan: the Canadian experience. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;95(6):551-552.
Johnson KL, Klarskov K, Benson LM, et al. Presence of peak X and related compounds: the reported contaminant in case related 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan associated with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 1999;26:2714-7.
Joly P, Lampert A, Thomine E, et al. Development of pseudobullous morphea and scleroderma-like illness during therapy with L-5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:332-3.
Juhl JH. Primary fibromyalgia syndrome and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan: a 90-day open study. Altern Med Rev. 1998;3:367-375.
Kahn RS, Westenberg HG. L-5-hydroxytryptophan in the treatment of anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord 1985;8:197-200.
Mason BJ, Blackburn KH. Possible serotonin syndrome associated with tramadol and sertraline coadministration. Ann Pharmacother. 1997;31(2):175-177.
Meyer JS, Welch KM, Deshmukh VD, et al. Neurotransmitter precursor amino acids in the treatment of multi-infarct dementia and Alzheimer's disease. J Amer Geriat Soc 1977;25:289-98.
Meyers S. Use of neurotransmitter precursors for treatment of depression. Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(1):64-71.
Michelson D, Page SW, Casey R, et al. An eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome related disorder associated with exposure to L-5-hydroxytryptophan. J Rheumatol 1994;21:2261-5.
Nakajima T, Kudo Y, Kaneko Z. Clinical evaluation of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan as an antidepressant drug. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 1978;32:223-30.
Nicolodi M, Sicuteri F. Fibromyalgia and migraine, two faces of the same mechanism. Serotonin as the common clue for pathogenesis and therapy. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996;398:373-9.
Perry NK. Venlafaxine-induced serotonin syndrome with relapse following amitripyline. Postgrad Med J. 2000;76(894):254.
Poldinger W, Calanchini B, Schwarz W. A functional-dimensional approach to depression: serotonin deficiency as a target syndrome in a comparison of 5-hydroxytryptophan and fluvoxamine. Psychopathology 1991;24:53-81.
Preshaw RM, Leavitt D, Hoag G. The dietary supplement 5-hydroxytryptophan and urinary 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. CMAJ 2008;178:993.
Puttini PS, Caruso I. Primary fibromyalgia and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan: a 90-day open study. J Int Med Res. 1992;20:182-189.
Rakel D. Rakel Integrative Medicine, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2008;47.
Reibring L, Agren H, Hartvig P, et al. Uptake and utilization of [beta-11c] 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in human brain studied by positron emission tomography. Psychiatry Research. 1992;45:215-225.
Ribeiro CA. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan in the prophylaxis of chronic tension-type headache: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Headache 2000;40:451-6.
Sarzi Puttini P, Caruso I. Primary fibromyalgia syndrome and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan: a 90-day open study. J Int Med Res 1992;20:182-9.
Shaw K, Turner J, Del Mar C. Are tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan effective treatments for depression? A meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2002 Aug;36(4):488-91.
Singhal AB, Caviness VS, Begleiter AF, et al. Cerebral vasoconstriction and stroke after use of serotonergic drugs. Neurology 2002;58:130-3.
Trouillas P, Brudon F, Adeleine P. Improvement of cerebellar ataxia with levorotatory form of 5-hydroxytryptophan: a double-blind study with quantified data processing. Arch Neurol 1988;45:1217-22.
Williams A, Goodenberger D, Caline DB, et al. Palatal myoclonus following herpes zoster ameliorated by 5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa. Neurology 1978;28:358-9.
Zmilacher K, et al. L-5-hydroxytryptophan alone and in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor in the treatment of depression. Neuropsychobiology. 1988;20:28–33.
}}

@@ Rivi 2: / Rivi 2: @@
 |kuva=5-htp.jpg
 |kuvateksti=5-HTP
-|info1=Elimistö valmistaa 5-HTP:tä (5-hydroksytryptofaani) tryptofaanista (välttämätön aminohappo). 5-HTP:stä puolestaan muokataan edelleen serotoniinia. 5-HTP:tä ei ole ravinnossa, mutta sen lähtöainetta tryptofaania saadaan useista ravintoaineista (ks. tryptofaani).
+|info1=Elimistö valmistaa 5-HTP:tä (5-hydroksytryptofaani) tryptofaanista, joka on välttämätön aminohappo. 5-HTP:stä puolestaan muokataan edelleen serotoniinia. 5-HTP:tä ei ole ravinnossa, mutta sen lähtöainetta tryptofaania saadaan useista ravintoaineista (ks. tryptofaani).
--HTP:tä valmistetaan kaupallisiin tarkoituksiin afrikkalaisen Griffonia simplicifolia-kasvin siemenistä.
+-HTP:tä valmistetaan kaupallisiin tarkoituksiin afrikkalaisen ''Griffonia simplicifolia''-kasvin siemenistä.
 -HTP:n saannin lisääminen auttaa nostamaan serotoniinin määrää aivoissa. Koska serotoniini auttaa säätelemään mielialaa ja käyttäytymistä, 5-HTP:lla saattaa olla myönteinen vaikutus uneen, mielialaan, ahdistuneisuuteen, ruokahaluun, kehon lämpötilaan, seksuaaliseen halukkuuteen ja kivun tunteeseen.

@@ Rivi 1: / Rivi 1: @@
 {{Ainesosalomake
 |info1=Elimistö valmistaa 5-HTP:tä (5-hydroksytryptofaani) tryptofaanista (välttämätön aminohappo). 5-HTP:stä puolestaan muokataan edelleen serotoniinia. 5-HTP:tä ei ole ravinnossa, mutta sen lähtöainetta tryptofaania saadaan useista ravintoaineista (ks. tryptofaani).
@@ Rivi 63: / Rivi 65: @@
 # Williams A, Goodenberger D, Caline DB, et al. Palatal myoclonus following herpes zoster ameliorated by 5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa. Neurology 1978;28:358-9.
 # Zmilacher K, et al. L-5-hydroxytryptophan alone and in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor in the treatment of depression. Neuropsychobiology. 1988;20:28–33.
 }}

@@ Rivi 20: / Rivi 20: @@
 * Tarkkaavaisuus-ylivilkkaushäiriö (ADHD).
 * Unihäiriöt.
-|info4=5-HTP  lievittää oireilua pienillä annoksialla, esim 50 mg 5-HTP:tä 1-3 kertaa päivässä. Joissakin tutkimuksissa on käytetty suurempiakin annoksia, mutta 5-HTP voi olla haitallista suurina annoksina.
+|info4=5-HTP  lievittää oireilua pienillä annoksilla, esim 50 mg 5-HTP:tä 1-3 kertaa päivässä. Joissakin tutkimuksissa on käytetty suurempiakin annoksia, mutta 5-HTP voi olla haitallista suurina annoksina.
 -HTP:tä ei tule käyttää samanaikaisesti masennuslääkkeiden kanssa.

@@ Rivi 4: / Rivi 4: @@
 -HTP:tä valmistetaan kaupallisiin tarkoituksiin afrikkalaisen Griffonia simplicifolia-kasvin siemenistä.
 -HTP:n saannin lisääminen auttaa nostamaan serotoniinin määrää aivoissa. Koska serotoniini auttaa säätelemään mielialaa ja käyttäytymistä, 5-HTP:lla saattaa olla myönteinen vaikutus uneen, mielialaan, ahdistuneisuuteen, ruokahaluun, kehon lämpötilaan, seksuaaliseen halukkuuteen ja kivun tunteeseen.
 |info3=Koska 5-HTP lisää serotoniinin tuotantoa, sitä käytetään usean serotoniinin vähäisyyteen liittyvän sairauden hoitoon, esim. masennus, unettomuus, lihavuus ja krooniset kiputuilat.
@@ Rivi 17: / Rivi 17: @@
 * Kuukautisia edeltävä oireyhtymä (PMS) ja kuukautisia edeltävä dysforinen häiriö (PMDD).
 * Tarkkaavaisuus-ylivilkkaushäiriö (ADHD).
 * Unihäiriöt.
-−
 |info4=5-HTP  lievittää oireilua pienillä annoksialla, esim 50 mg 5-HTP:tä 1-3 kertaa päivässä. Joissakin tutkimuksissa on käytetty suurempiakin annoksia, mutta 5-HTP voi olla haitallista suurina annoksina.
 -HTP:tä ei tule käyttää samanaikaisesti masennuslääkkeiden kanssa.
 |info5=Tieteellisten artikkelien lyhennelmiä voi lukea PubMed:ssa http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
-|info6=Angst J, Woggon B, Schoepf J. The treatment of depression with L-5-hydroxytryptophan versus imipramine. Results of two open and one double-blind study. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 1977;224:175–186.
+|info6=# Angst J, Woggon B, Schoepf J. The treatment of depression with L-5-hydroxytryptophan versus imipramine. Results of two open and one double-blind study. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 1977;224:175–186.
-Attele AS, Xie JT, Yuan CS. Treatment of insomnia: an alternative approach.Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(3):249-259.
+# Attele AS, Xie JT, Yuan CS. Treatment of insomnia: an alternative approach.Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(3):249-259.
-Birdsall TC. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: A Clinically-Effective Serotonin Precursor. Altern Med Rev 1998;3:271-80.
+# Birdsall TC. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: A Clinically-Effective Serotonin Precursor. Altern Med Rev 1998;3:271-80.
-Byerley WF, Judd LL, Reimherr FW, Grosser BI. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: a review of its antidepressant efficacy and adverse effects. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987;7:127-37.
+# Byerley WF, Judd LL, Reimherr FW, Grosser BI. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: a review of its antidepressant efficacy and adverse effects. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987;7:127-37.
-Cangiano C, Ceci F, Cancino A, et al. Eating behavior and adherence to dietary prescriptions in obese adult subjects treated with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:863-7.
+# Cangiano C, Ceci F, Cancino A, et al. Eating behavior and adherence to dietary prescriptions in obese adult subjects treated with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:863-7.
-Caruso I, Sarzi Puttini P, Cazzola M, Azzolini V. Double-blind study of 5-hydroxytryptophan versus placebo in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res 1990;18:201-9.
+# Caruso I, Sarzi Puttini P, Cazzola M, Azzolini V. Double-blind study of 5-hydroxytryptophan versus placebo in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res 1990;18:201-9.
-Cauffield JS, Forbes HJ. Dietary supplements used in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Lippincotts Prim Care Pract. 1999; 3(3):290-304.
+# Cauffield JS, Forbes HJ. Dietary supplements used in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Lippincotts Prim Care Pract. 1999; 3(3):290-304.
-Ceci F, Cangiano C, Cairella M, Cascino A, et al. The effects of oral 5-hydroxytryptophan administration on feeding behavior in obese adult female subjects. J Neural Transm. 1989;76:109-117.
+# Ceci F, Cangiano C, Cairella M, Cascino A, et al. The effects of oral 5-hydroxytryptophan administration on feeding behavior in obese adult female subjects. J Neural Transm. 1989;76:109-117.
-Coleman M. Infantile spasms associated with 5-hydroxytryptophan administration in patients with Down's syndrome. Neurology 1971;21:911-9.
+# Coleman M. Infantile spasms associated with 5-hydroxytryptophan administration in patients with Down's syndrome. Neurology 1971;21:911-9.
-Coppen A, Whybrow PC, Noguera R, et al. The comparative antidepressant value of L-tryptophan and imipramine with and without attempted potentiation by liothyronine. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1972;26:234-41.
+# Coppen A, Whybrow PC, Noguera R, et al. The comparative antidepressant value of L-tryptophan and imipramine with and without attempted potentiation by liothyronine. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1972;26:234-41.
-Curcio JJ, Kim LS, Wollner D, Pockaj BA. The potential of 5-hydryxtryptophan for hot flash reduction: a hypothesis. Altern Med Rev. 2005;10(3):216-21.
+# Curcio JJ, Kim LS, Wollner D, Pockaj BA. The potential of 5-hydryxtryptophan for hot flash reduction: a hypothesis. Altern Med Rev. 2005;10(3):216-21.
-DeBenedittis G, Massei R. Serotonin precursors in chronic primary headache. A double-blind cross-over study with L-5-hydroxytryptophan vs. Placebo. J Neurosurg Sci. 1985; 29:239-248.
+# DeBenedittis G, Massei R. Serotonin precursors in chronic primary headache. A double-blind cross-over study with L-5-hydroxytryptophan vs. Placebo. J Neurosurg Sci. 1985; 29:239-248.
-Elko CJ, Burgess JL, Robertson WO. Zolpidem-associated hallucinations and serotonin reuptake inhibition: a possible interaction. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1998;36(3):195-203.
+# Elko CJ, Burgess JL, Robertson WO. Zolpidem-associated hallucinations and serotonin reuptake inhibition: a possible interaction. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1998;36(3):195-203.
-FDA Talk Paper. Impurities confirmed in dietary supplement 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan. August 31, 1998.
+# FDA Talk Paper. Impurities confirmed in dietary supplement 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan. August 31, 1998.
-Freedman RR. Treatment of menopausal hot flashes with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Maturitas. 2010 Apr;65(4):383-5.
+# Freedman RR. Treatment of menopausal hot flashes with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Maturitas. 2010 Apr;65(4):383-5.
-Gardner DM, Lynd LD. Sumatriptan contraindications and the serotonin syndrome. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32(1):33-38.
+# Gardner DM, Lynd LD. Sumatriptan contraindications and the serotonin syndrome. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32(1):33-38.
-Iovieno N, Dalton ED, Fava M, Mischoulon D. Second-tier natural antidepressants: Review and critique. J Affect Disord. 2010 Jun 24.
+# Iovieno N, Dalton ED, Fava M, Mischoulon D. Second-tier natural antidepressants: Review and critique. J Affect Disord. 2010 Jun 24.
-Joffe RT, Sokolov ST. Co-administration of fluoxetine and sumatriptan: the Canadian experience. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;95(6):551-552.
+# Joffe RT, Sokolov ST. Co-administration of fluoxetine and sumatriptan: the Canadian experience. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;95(6):551-552.
-Johnson KL, Klarskov K, Benson LM, et al. Presence of peak X and related compounds: the reported contaminant in case related 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan associated with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 1999;26:2714-7.
+# Johnson KL, Klarskov K, Benson LM, et al. Presence of peak X and related compounds: the reported contaminant in case related 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan associated with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 1999;26:2714-7.
-Joly P, Lampert A, Thomine E, et al. Development of pseudobullous morphea and scleroderma-like illness during therapy with L-5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:332-3.
+# Joly P, Lampert A, Thomine E, et al. Development of pseudobullous morphea and scleroderma-like illness during therapy with L-5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:332-3.
-Juhl JH. Primary fibromyalgia syndrome and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan: a 90-day open study. Altern Med Rev. 1998;3:367-375.
+# Juhl JH. Primary fibromyalgia syndrome and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan: a 90-day open study. Altern Med Rev. 1998;3:367-375.
-Kahn RS, Westenberg HG. L-5-hydroxytryptophan in the treatment of anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord 1985;8:197-200.
+# Kahn RS, Westenberg HG. L-5-hydroxytryptophan in the treatment of anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord 1985;8:197-200.
-Mason BJ, Blackburn KH. Possible serotonin syndrome associated with tramadol and sertraline coadministration. Ann Pharmacother. 1997;31(2):175-177.
+# Mason BJ, Blackburn KH. Possible serotonin syndrome associated with tramadol and sertraline coadministration. Ann Pharmacother. 1997;31(2):175-177.
-Meyer JS, Welch KM, Deshmukh VD, et al. Neurotransmitter precursor amino acids in the treatment of multi-infarct dementia and Alzheimer's disease. J Amer Geriat Soc 1977;25:289-98.
+# Meyer JS, Welch KM, Deshmukh VD, et al. Neurotransmitter precursor amino acids in the treatment of multi-infarct dementia and Alzheimer's disease. J Amer Geriat Soc 1977;25:289-98.
-Meyers S. Use of neurotransmitter precursors for treatment of depression. Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(1):64-71.
+# Meyers S. Use of neurotransmitter precursors for treatment of depression. Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(1):64-71.
-Michelson D, Page SW, Casey R, et al. An eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome related disorder associated with exposure to L-5-hydroxytryptophan. J Rheumatol 1994;21:2261-5.
+# Michelson D, Page SW, Casey R, et al. An eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome related disorder associated with exposure to L-5-hydroxytryptophan. J Rheumatol 1994;21:2261-5.
-Nakajima T, Kudo Y, Kaneko Z. Clinical evaluation of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan as an antidepressant drug. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 1978;32:223-30.
+# Nakajima T, Kudo Y, Kaneko Z. Clinical evaluation of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan as an antidepressant drug. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 1978;32:223-30.
-Nicolodi M, Sicuteri F. Fibromyalgia and migraine, two faces of the same mechanism. Serotonin as the common clue for pathogenesis and therapy. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996;398:373-9.
+# Nicolodi M, Sicuteri F. Fibromyalgia and migraine, two faces of the same mechanism. Serotonin as the common clue for pathogenesis and therapy. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996;398:373-9.
-Perry NK. Venlafaxine-induced serotonin syndrome with relapse following amitripyline. Postgrad Med J. 2000;76(894):254.
+# Perry NK. Venlafaxine-induced serotonin syndrome with relapse following amitripyline. Postgrad Med J. 2000;76(894):254.
-Poldinger W, Calanchini B, Schwarz W. A functional-dimensional approach to depression: serotonin deficiency as a target syndrome in a comparison of 5-hydroxytryptophan and fluvoxamine. Psychopathology 1991;24:53-81.
+# Poldinger W, Calanchini B, Schwarz W. A functional-dimensional approach to depression: serotonin deficiency as a target syndrome in a comparison of 5-hydroxytryptophan and fluvoxamine. Psychopathology 1991;24:53-81.
-Preshaw RM, Leavitt D, Hoag G. The dietary supplement 5-hydroxytryptophan and urinary 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. CMAJ 2008;178:993.
+# Preshaw RM, Leavitt D, Hoag G. The dietary supplement 5-hydroxytryptophan and urinary 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. CMAJ 2008;178:993.
-Puttini PS, Caruso I. Primary fibromyalgia and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan: a 90-day open study. J Int Med Res. 1992;20:182-189.
+# Puttini PS, Caruso I. Primary fibromyalgia and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan: a 90-day open study. J Int Med Res. 1992;20:182-189.
-Rakel D. Rakel Integrative Medicine, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2008;47.
+# Rakel D. Rakel Integrative Medicine, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2008;47.
-Reibring L, Agren H, Hartvig P, et al. Uptake and utilization of [beta-11c] 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in human brain studied by positron emission tomography. Psychiatry Research. 1992;45:215-225.
+# Reibring L, Agren H, Hartvig P, et al. Uptake and utilization of [beta-11c] 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in human brain studied by positron emission tomography. Psychiatry Research. 1992;45:215-225.
-Ribeiro CA. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan in the prophylaxis of chronic tension-type headache: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Headache 2000;40:451-6.
+# Ribeiro CA. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan in the prophylaxis of chronic tension-type headache: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Headache 2000;40:451-6.
-Sarzi Puttini P, Caruso I. Primary fibromyalgia syndrome and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan: a 90-day open study. J Int Med Res 1992;20:182-9.
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